https://www.isnra.net/index.php/KJHS/issue/feed 2026-10-03T15:57:51+00:00 Open Journal Systems <p>Al-Kitab Journal for Human Sciences (KJHS) (ISSN:2617-460X) is a double-blind peer-review journal pubblished by Al-Kitab University college, that publishes original qualitative and quantitative research papers specialized in human sciences, namely Arabic and English languages, history, geography, art, religion, and psychological and educational sciences. Within this framework, the journal welcomes contributions to such areas of interest not only from Iraq, but also from all international academic and professional community a matter that would transform the journal to be a lighthouse for everyone looking for truth and knowledge embodied in human sciences. Founded in 2018, with 2-issues per/year.</p> https://www.isnra.net/index.php/KJHS/article/view/1729 2026-10-03T15:57:51+00:00 Sabhan Ajam Abed sabhanajam@uokirkuk.edu.iq

<p>The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an instructional program based on reciprocal teaching in developing historical sense and flexible thinking among fourth-grade literary branch students. The researcher employed the experimental method. The study sample consisted of (60) fourth-grade literary students, randomly assigned to two equivalent groups: an experimental group that was taught using the reciprocal teaching-based instructional program, and a control group that was taught using the traditional method. To collect data, the researcher developed two tests: one to measure historical sense and the other to measure flexible thinking. The validity and reliability of both instruments were verified. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test, in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the program in developing both historical sense and flexible thinking. The study recommended adopting reciprocal teaching as an effective strategy in teaching history, training teachers on its use, and incorporating it into high school curricula.</p>

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